فلسفه غرب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فلسفه و منطق، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه فلسفه، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

طبق تفسیر رایج از ویتگنشتاین، دوره‌های فکری او به دو دورة متقدم و متأخر تقسیم می‌شود. در دورة متقدم که مهم‌ترین نمود آن، تراکتاتوس است، ویتگنشتاین برای زبان و گزاره‌های زبانی ذاتی ثابت قائل است که موجب می‌شود جمله‌های خارج از آن، نظیر جمله‌های مربوط به اسطوره و آیین، بی‌معنا تلقی شوند. در دورة متأخر که تحقیقات فلسفی نمایندة برجسته آن است، ویتگنشتاین با عدول از دیدگاه اولیة خود، بازی‌های زبانی متعدد را به‌رسمیت می‌شناسد و به این ترتیب، مجالی برای بازی‌های زبانی اساطیری گشوده می‌شود، اگرچه هنوز صرفاً بازی زبانی علم، گزارة صادق و کاذب تولید می‌کند. با این همه، مقالة حاضر مدعی است که بر مبنای سیر تطور فکری ویتگنشتاین درباب اسطوره و آیین در کتاب در باب یقین، باید دورة سومی نیز در تفکر ویتگنشتاین در نظر گرفت. در این دوره سوم، اولاً، دیگر بازی زبانی علم واجد وضعیت ممتاز شناختی نیست، ثانیاً، می‌توان سخن از صدق و کذب گزاره‌های اسطوره‌ای و آیینی نیز به‌میان آورد. چنین رویکردی ما را به نوعی تکثرگرایی در باب صدق رهنمون می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysing Wittgenstein's Intellectual Development Based on His Ideas on Myth

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Hadi Soleimani 1
  • Davood Hosseini 2

1 PhD Student, Department of Philosophy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

According to the standard reading of Wittgenstein, there are two philosophical periods in his life. The earlier Wittgenstein, whose main work is the Tractatus, believes in a fixed essence of language and linguistic propositions. Therefore, other sentences, such as mythical or ritual sentences are meaningless and have no corresponding proposition. The later Wittgenstein, with his Philosophical Investigations, denying his earlier thesis, recognizes various language games. So, there is a place for mythical language games, though mythical sentences are not true. However, this article argues that we should also consider a third Wittgenstein based on his ideas on myth and ritual in his unfinished book On Certainty.  According to this third Wittgenstein, firstly, the language game of science doesn’t have the cognitive privilege over other language games, and second, we can talk about the truth and falsity of mythical and ritual propositions. This leads to a pluralism about truth.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Third Wittgenstein
  • On Certainty
  • Myth
  • Truth
  • Pluralism
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